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Item Metadata only Antimicrobial Activities of Three Spices and Ciprofloxacin on Human Pathogenic Organisms(Bells University of Technology, 2015-04-17) AJOSE, Daniel Jesuwenu; Bola A. Adeniyi, Ph.dSpices are natural compounds, or a mixture of natural compounds that are extracted from various parts of plants, and added to food and pepper soup in order to provide colour, taste, smell, or flavour. Most people with upper respiratory tract infection use pepper soup along with prescribed antibiotics for treatment. This study was designed to investigate the effect of combining the bioactive spices with standard antibiotics (ciprofloxacin) to determine additive, synergistic or antagonistic effects. The spices studied were Capsicum annuum (cayenne), Curcuma longa (turmeric) and Piper guineense (black pepper). They were analyzed for the presence or absence of secondary metabolites using standard methods. Also, three brands of ciprofloxacin were tested for their activity against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus species, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter agglomerans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumanii, and Candida albicans collected from Nigerian Institute of Medical Research and University of Ibadan. Antimicrobial activity was carried out using agar diffusion method while agar dilution method was employed for determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) on Mueller-Hinton agar. The findings of this study showed that the three spices contained alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, and terpenoids. Piper guineense extract was most active against all tested isolates with MIC of 50% /v against Staphylococcus species and Escherichia coli to 100% "/v against Klebsiella pneumoniae. Ciprogem was the most effective brand of the tested ciprofloxacin with MIC ranging from < 0.015 mg/mL against Acinetobacter baumanii and 125 mg/mL against Klebsiella pneumoniae. Furthermore, there was a synergistic effect between the extract of black pepper at 25 % (Y/v) and 12.5 % (Y/v) and ciprogem with MIC of ciprogem decreasing from 15.63 mg/mL to 3.90 mg/mL and 1.95 mg/mL respectively against the pathogen Escherichia coli.Item Metadata only Neuro-Fuzzy Approach to River Sediment Yield Prediction(Bells University of Technology, 2016-07-28) OLUWATOBI, Balogun; Prof. E. R. AdagunodoThe advancement of Information and Communication Technology has created an unlimited space for exploration in different areas in order to make meaningful observations and predict at an optimum accuracy. All around the world, data are being generated every moment in large quantities, but these data are of no use until they can be converted to useful information. The limitation of existing models used for predicting River Sediment yield in order to forestall against natural and economic disasters forms the basis of the motivation of this research. By taking advantage of the opportunities presented by the advancement of technology, this research focuses on predicting the sediment yield from Oyan gauging station of Ogun-Osun River Basin and comparing the output with the result with other existing result. Some conventional methods available for sediment load/yield estimation are largely empirical. In this research, an ANFIS(Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System) is used to predict the sediment yield of Oyan gauging of Ogun-Osun River Basin. The ANFIS is a feed forward layered architecture and uses the back propagation algorithm to train the network. For this research, four inputs are used, the water stage and water discharge, water temperature, and rainfall. During the simulation, the ANFIS Neuro fuzzy model fitted the observed sediment data better than the ANN(Artificial Neural Network) in the validation stages except when fed with three variable where the ANN model has a root mean error of 23.2996 as compared to that of ANFIS Neuro-fuzzy which had a root square error of 23.3443.But when fed with two and four input, the ANFIS Neuro-fuzzy model performed better than the ANN model with a Root mean square error of 23.3134 for two input ad 23.2129 for four input as compared to that of ANN which had 23,4762 for two input and 23.5304 for four input. The ANFIS model proved to have a better prediction capability that its other contemporaries and can be used efficiently predict sediment yield movement from water bodies to plan and forestall against eventualities.Item Metadata only In Vitro Propagation of Olive Plant (olea europea) "SOURT" Using Nodal Culture(Bells University of Technology, 2016-08-19) KALEJAIYE, Olusegun Olanrewaju; Dr. K. E. OgunsolaThis study was undertaken to contribute to the previous knowledge of the efficient in vitro protocols for the micropropagation of olive plant. This work was based on development of a new in vitro propagation method to overcome growth recalcitrance an olive cultivar "souri". An experiment to determine optimum sterilization procedures for olive explants was conducted. The culture medium used was composed of Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium without hormonal modification and MS medium modified with various levels of auxin-cytokinin concentrations. The experiments were laid out in completely randomized design (CRD) with 10 replicates per media treatment. Data were collected at 2,4 and 6 weeks of culture on growth parameters which include frequency of buds formed, frequency of callus formation, number of leaves, leave length, leaf width, number of roots and root length. Data were analyzed by ANOVA using SAS programme (9.2 version) and means were separated by the Duncan multiple range test at 5% probability. Of the different sterilization treatments used on the explants during the establishment of culture, a treatment of 70% ethanol for 3minutes and 5% Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCI) for 2minutes respectively proved to be the best sterilant combination for the Olive explants. This treatment resulted in 91% survival of explants and zero death of explant after 21 days of culture. The Olive plant had the best initiation and proliferation in culture medium containing 2.0 mg/l BAP (treatment 3) followed by the medium modified with 0.05 mg/l BAP + 0.02 NAA. The parameters considered as evidence of success was bud formation, callus formation, number of leaves, length of leaves and width of leaves. The mean number of shoots produced in the medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l BAP was (2.3 # 0.2) while the mean number of shoots obtained from Olive nodal cutting in MS medium containing the hormonal modification with the second best effect was (1.6 # 0.1). This hormonal treatment with the best mean number of shoot production (2.0 BAP mg/l), had the highest mean shoot length of (6.5 ‡ 0.3 ) and a mean leave width of (3.1 # 0.2 ). Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 0.05 mg/l IBA + 0.02mg/l NAA (treatment 4), gave the Olive plant the best rooting effects. The highest root number was 3.8 # 0.9 and that of the root length was 2.5 # 0.7. This study provides a media protocol for the in vitro regeneration of the Souri Cultivar of Olive which will foster the application of tissue culture techniques in the micropropagation of Olive plant and also enhance improvement of the plant through transformation.Item Metadata only Molecular Identification of Six Mushroom Species Using Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna (RAPD) and Internal-Transcribed Spacer (ITS) Primers(Bells University of Technology, 2016-09-08) BABATUNDE, Mathew Adesanmi; Dr. (Mrs.) C.I AnyakorahMolecular identification of six mushroom species was conducted using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers and Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) primers. The six mushrooms were randomly collected from Lagos and Ogun State in Nigeria. The genomic DNA of the mushroom was extracted using SDS protocol and quantified spectrophotometically. The gel electrophoresis of genomic DNA was run on 1.5% Agarose gel and visualized using UV-Trans-illuminator. The rDNA-ITS fragment of the genomic DNA was amplified using two ITS primer combinations (ITS4A+ ITS and ITS4B + ITS). The Primers ITS4B and ITS amplified single monomorphic bands for all five Pleurotus spp except Ganoderma spp whereas ITS4A and ITSS only amplified two Pleurotus sp (Pleurotus saju-caju, Pleurotus ostreatus FIIRO) and Ganoderma spp. RAPD-PCR technique was used to reveal DNA polymorphism in DNA of the six fungi (five Pleurotus species and one Ganoderma spp) in order to search for the sources of differences that could be used as a DNA marker. In RAPD-PCR, six different decamer primers (OPK 01, OPD 04, OPD 7, OPD 11, OPM 14 and OPL 20) chosen randomly were employed to detect the genetic polymorphism among studied strains. A total of 206 amplicons were produced by these primers and out of which gave 164 bands for polymorphic bands with 42 bands recorded as monomorphic bands with an average percentage polymorphism of 83.5%. The polymorphism is high in OPK 01, OPD11 and OPL20 (100%) which make them transferable for diversity studies for genetic improvement. The identification characterization of the mushroom samples was analyzed of which genetic dissimilarity showed a range of 0.611 to 0.833. The highest was observed with RAPD primers OPK01, OPD11 and OPL20 (0.833) while OPD04 was lowest (0.611). The number of amplified fragments per primer ranged from 16 (OPD7) to 36 (OPK 01) with a polymorphic information content (PIC) ranging from 0.932 to 0.956.Item Metadata only Effect of Spent and Non-Spent Engine Oil Contaminanted Soil on th DNA Profile of Oyster Mushroom(Bells University of Technology, 2016-09-20) USMAN, Rahila Ukwo; Dr. (Mrs) C. I. AnyakorahThe effect of spent and non-spent engine oil on the morphology and genetic profile of P. tuber-regium (F.) singer was assessed. Five treatments each for the spent (S) engine oil (2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%) and non-spent (NS) engine oil (2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%) were applied to 1kg of soil in perforated polythene bags with P. tuber-regiumsclerotium planted in them. Percentage total organic matter, percentage nitrogen, phosphorus and pH values of the soil were 0.21%, 0.057%, 5% and 5.3 respectively. Soil analysis showed that S and NS had no effect on both the pH. The total organic matter and phosphorus contents of the spent treatments (S) and non-spent engine oil treatments (NS) increased when compared to the control. Total organic matter of the S and NS treated soils ranged from 0.22%-0.91% and 0.22-0.61 while the Phosphorus values for S and NS treated soils ranged from 4.5%-8.5% and 3.4%-9%. Nitrogen contents of the spent treatments (S) and non-spent engine oil treatments (NS) decreased when compared to the control ranging from 0.0378%-0.0325% (S) and 0.0308-0.01120 (NS). Diameter of cap (DOC), Width of stalk (WDS), weight of fruiting body (WOF) and length of stalk(LOS) of the soil were 6.75cm, 4.05cm, 5.75g and 3.5cm respectively. DOC ranged from 2.69cm-4.24cm(S) and 3.04cm-5.16cm(NS), WDS ranged from 3.87cm-4.11cm(S) and 5.63cm-8-12cm(NS), WOF ranged from 4.63g-6.69g(S) and 5.57g-14.03g(NS) while LOS ranged from 2.23cm-2.97cm(S) and 3.03-3.83(NS). No growth was obtained at 10% S and NS treatments. DNA was extracted from four mushroom samples(2S, 2NS, 4S, and 4NS) successfully. DNA quantification values ranged between 200.4ųg/ml and 695.1 ųg/ml.Amplification using ITS1 and ITS4B primers revealed a single monomorphic band at 600bp. The six RAPD primers produced total of 64 bands out of which 4.68% (3 bands) were monomorphic while 61 bands (95.31%) were polymorphic.Item Metadata only Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Winged Bean (psophcarpus tetragonolobus) Using Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) Market(Bells University of Technology, 2017-10-26) NKANG, Nkoyo Ani; Dr. O. B. OjuederieThis study determined the genetic diversity in 20 Winged bean accessions. Five Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) primers were screened and used to determine the genetic relatedness of the accessions of winged bean and also to identify the most polymorphic ISSR markers for future phylogenetic studies in Winged bean. Phylogenetic relations were determined by cluster analysis using unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA). Multivariate grouping was carried out using factorial coordinate analysis (FCoA) and polymorphic information content (PIC) was calculated using standard procedures. Four out of the five primers had consistent, well banded, reproducible profiles. The four ISSR primers; UBC 810, UBC 811, UBC 827 and UBC 855 generated a total of 127 amplified bands and all the bands were polymorphic (100%). The number of polymorphic bands per primer ranged from 14 (UBC 811) to 53(UBC 855). The primers identified between 9 (UBC 811) and 18 (UBC 855) of the 20 winged bean accessions. ISSR primer UBC 855 had the highest number of polymorphic bands (53) and identified the highest number of accessions (18). The UPGMA cluster analysis grouped the 20 accessions of the Winged bean into four major clusters and the dissimilarity distance ranged from 0.515 to 0.929. The FCoA analysis was comparable to that obtained using UPGMA cluster analysis. The PIC values ranged from 0.500 (UBC 811) to 0.874 (UBC 855) with an average of 0.718. The percentage polymorphism of 100% indicates high genetic diversity across the genomic loci of the accessions and revealed the usefulness of ISSR markers in determining the extent of genetic variability in Psophocarpus tetragonolobus.Item Metadata only Molecular Characteristics of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)(Bells University of Technology, 2017-10-26) KAYODE, Ayodeji Emmanuel; Dr. O. B. OjuederieForty-five (45) Sesame genotypes were collected from five farmers in three (3) major sesame producing states in Nigeria, which are positions in the North Central (Nasarawa), East (Bauchi), and Northwest (Kano states) of the six (6) geo-political zones of Nigeria. This was carried out using simple random sampling technique (SRS). Five simple sequence repeat markers (SSR) were screened and used to determine the genetic relatedness of the sesame genotypes. Phylogenetic relations were determined by cluster analysis using unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA). Multivariate grouping was carried out using factorial coordinate analysis (FCoA) A total of 99 n=bands were identified of which all were polymorphic. The number of amplified fragments per primers ranging from 25(SEMI10) to 27 (SM8). Polymorphic fragments were generated by SSR makers SM8, SEM10, and SM9, while primer SME18 and SME44 did not identify any genotype. The dendrogram grouped the genotype into six clusters with an overall similarity coefficient of 67%.Genotype Var01(KBil) collected from Bichi LGA of Kano state was genetically distinct from all other genotype at dissimilarity coefficient of 0.33. The FCoA placed the 45 genotypes of sesame into 6 groups with total of 25 genotypes. From the FCoA ,genotype var 01 (KBi 1) from Bichi LGA of Kano state, var 45 (NE 2) and var 32 (NL 2) from different farmers indifferent LGA of Nasarawa state, were the most distinct from the other genotype. The FCoA failed to differentiate genotype values to their area of origin. The PLC values ranged from 0.137(SEM9) -0.712 (SM8) and loci having PIC values closer to 1 are more desirable. Although 100% polymorphism was obtained for primers SM9, and SEM10, primer SM8 was most informative with the highest 0.712).Item Metadata only Molecular Detection and Identification of Polyhydroxyyalkanoate Synthesizing-Bacteria Isolated from Waste Dump Site Soil(Bells University of Technology, 2018-08-08) OLALEKAN, Farouk Olawale; Prof. O.O. KuforijiPolyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are macromolecular storage polyesters produced by metabolic trans-formation of carbon sources by microorganisms under nutrient limiting conditions. PHA synthesizing-bacteria were isolated from waste dump site soil samples, characterized molecularly and identified using standard microbiological, molecular and biochemical methods. Corn steep liquor (COSL) and minimal salt medium supplemented with glucose, glycerol, maltose and sucrose were used as growth media and the PHAS accumulated by the bacteria were quantified spectrophotometrically. Of the 40 bacteria isolated, 37 were positive for PHA accumulation when subjected to visual screening using Sudan Black B. Nevertheless, 22 bacterial isolates were selected based on their level of sudanophilic positivity for PHA synthase gene analysis. PHA synthase gene (phbC) of the expected base pair size (239 bp) was amplified from the DNA of all the 22 bacterial isolates selected. Quantification of PHA synthesized by the 22 bacterial isolates revealed that the best five PHA synthesizing-bacterial isolates were SB9, SC7, SB1, SD7 and SA4 with PHA yields of 8.26, 7.69, 7.48, 7.43 and 7.41 mg/ml respectively, while the least five PHA accumulating bacterial isolates were SC8, SC4, SD2, SC2 and SB7 which recorded PHA yields of 6.46, 6.35, 6.34, 6.33 and 6.22 mg/ml respectively. Sequence analysis of the amplified 16S RNA genes of the best five PHA synthesizing-bacterial isolates (SB9, SC7, SB1, SD7 and SA4) divulged their identities as Bacillus acidiceler FOGU02, Bacillus megaterium FOGU01, Lysinibacillus macroides FOGU04, Bacillus wiedmannii FOGUOS and Bacillus marisflavi FOGU03 respectively. The yields of PHA by the bacteria tested were generally higher in COSL supplemented with the various carbon sources compared to the PHA yields recorded in minimal salt medium supplemented with the same carbon sources. The molecular methods enhanced the specificity of the results obtained. The COSL used as growth medium for PHA synthesizing-bacteria is expected to reduce the cost of PHA production as the waste is locally available at no extra cost. PHA yield depends to a large extent on the microorganism involved as well as the carbon source used. However, Bacillus acidiceler FOGU02 was the best PHA producer among the bacteria tested, while maltose was the best carbon source examined.Item Metadata only Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus Aureus From Women With Urinary Tract Infections in Lagos State(Bells University of Technology, 2019-03-08) CHIDI, Ugochi Nnenna; Prof. O. O. KuforijiStaphylococcus aureus has been implicated ins urinary tract infection (UTI) in humans. Virulence and drug resistance play important roles in the pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus infections. The objectives are to establish the antibiotic susceptibility and resistance patterns of clinical isolates of S. aureus, and to demonstrate the presence of antibiotic resistance genes among the isolates. Isolates were examined for susceptibility to 15 antibiotic disks using the disk diffusion method and for possession of resistance genes by polymerase chain reaction. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 16.0. The relationship between antibiotic resistance genes and antibiotic susceptibility was determined using Pearson's Chi-square test. All 50 isolates were resistant to at least three antibiotics. Fifteen isolates (30%) exhibited the highest multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index value of 0.7. The most effective antibiotics were mipenem, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and gentamicin and the least effective were cloxacillin, oxacillin, and augmentin. The most prevalent resistance gene of the 50 isolates was mecA (80.5%), followed by femB (50%), blaZ (11.1%), ermA (16.7%), and aac(6')-aph(2') (5.6%). The correlation between genotype (absence or presence of a major resistance gene) and phenotype (susceptibility or reduced susceptibility) was high for penicillin and the presence of mecA (98%), and femB (97%). In contrast with the other resistances, the agreement between genotypes and phenotypes for erythromycin and the presence of ermA was poor (66%), gentamicin and the presence of aac(6')-aph(2"') (41%). The results indicate that there is a need for surveillance programmess to monitor drug resistance in pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus.Item Metadata only In Vitro Antimicrobial Assay of Xylopia Aethiopica and Corchorus Olitorius Extracts on Multidrug Resistant Clinical Isolates in Urine Samples From Patrients Within Lagos Mainland(Bells University of Technology, 2019-03-27) SOLANKE, Olajumoke Temitope; Dr. T. O. OladosuUrinary Tract Infections (UTIs) emanate from the invasion of urinary tract by pathogens, these conditions are most commonly encountered in women. UTI could be categorised into acute, recurrent or complicated. Treatment of UTI with conventional antibiotics had been the mainstay of managing UTI in the past. However, due to increasing antibiotic resistance, therapy by antibioties has become less effective. Urine samples were cultured for isolation of bacterial pathogens, these isolates were characterised by culturomic methods. Antibiogram profiling of isolates was conducted using antibiotics to detect antimicrobial resistance levels of isolates. Plasmid and Chromosomal profiling was conducted on Multi-drug resistant isolates to detect the presence of the resistance genes. Ethanolic extracts of Corchorus olitorius and Xylopia aethiopica were obtained by Hot continuous extraction using the Soxhlet apparatus. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the multidrug resistant isolates form this study. The floroquinolones resistant genes were detected in the plasmids of the MDR isolates, detected by the use of primers gyr A and aac. The crude plants extracts of Xylopia aethiopica and Corchorus olitorius have better in vitro antimicrobial activity against the MDR bacteria obtained from this study. Combination of the two crude plants extracts had lower antimicrobial effect against the multidrug resistant pathogens. Corchorus olitorius displayed a higher level of antimicrobial activity, hence it could exploited for nutraceutical properties in individuals with urinary tract infections.Item Metadata only Antibiotic Resistance Genes and Susceptibility Pattern of Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus Saprophyticus Strains(Bells University of Technology, 2019-03-30) AMODU, Zainab Ejile; Prof. O. O. KuforijiStaphylococcus saprophyticus is a coagulase-negative (CoNS) coccus associated primarily with community-acquired lower urinary tract infection (UTI). This study investigated presence of antibiotic resistant genes (ARG) and susceptibility pattern of S. saprophyticus from women with UTI. Fifty (50) S. Saprophyticus strains obtained from four hospitals were identified morphologically and biochemically. Antibiotic resistance pattern was determined via Kirby-Bauer dise diffusion method against 14 antibiotics: Ceftazidime (CAZ), Cefuroxime (CRX), Gentamicin (GEN), Ceftriazone (CTR), Erythromycin (ERY), Cloxacillin (CXC), Ofloxacin (OFL), Augmentin (AUG), Cefdinir (RNF), Ciprofloxacin (CPT), Oxacillin (OX), Mipenem (MIP), Levofloxacin (LVS) and Pefloxacin (PEF). Presence of ARGs ermA, aac(6')-aph(2"'), mecA, blaZ and femB was confirmed on gel electrophoresis by standard methods. Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Index (MARI) was also determined, while plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance was investigated. S. saprophyticus strains were resistant to ERY, AUG, OX and CXC, while MIP, PEF and LVS susceptibility was observed. No isolate had 100% sensitivity to the antibiotics, 13 (26%) were sensitive to ≥50% antibiotics, five (G95, G98, G112, S09, S26) were resistant to >90% of antibiotics, while one strain (S09) exhibited total resistance. All strains had >20% MARI while two-thirds had ≥0.5 MARI. Seventy percent of S. saprophyticus expressed both mecA and femB, three (3) strains expressed all ARGs (S04, S26, L90), or did not express any (M60, M123, M48), while 64% expressed at least two ARGs. Resistance genes mecA and femB were the most expressed genes (Hospitals G, S and L), while <50% of strains expressed BlaZ. Fourteen (14) strains had plasmid-mediated resistance, while 50% plasmid-mediated resistance was observed in hospital L. This study, therefore, showed that increased antibiotic-resistance and presence of ARGs in S. saprophyticus means the pathogen should be given better attention by clinics in cases of bacteremia, bacteriuria, septicemia and UTI cases.Item Metadata only Morphological Ploidy Analyses of Scent Leaf Plant (ocimum species) from South-South States in Nigeria(Bells University of Technology, 2019-04-30) FRANCIS, Bisi Eyitayo; Dr. K. E. OgunsolaOcimum basilicum, commonly known as sweet basil or sent leaf plant, is an important aromatic plant of the Lamiacee family, most of which are medicinal. Among more than 150 species of Ocimum, sweet basil is the major essential oil crop commercially cultivated in many countries. It is commonly used to flavour foods such as vegetables, poultry and fish among other uses. However, there is limited information about the diversity and ploidy status of the plant which are required for plant improvement. This study was aimed at investigating the morphological diversity of scent leaf plant from six South-south States of Nigeria, identifying a standard for ploidy analysis of scent leaf plant through chromosome counting of a related specie and performing cytological analysis of Ocimum species for chromosome number and ploidy level. Seeds of scent leaf genotypes were collected from six states in the southern part of Nigeria. Twenty three samples were obtained in all. The seeds were raised in the nursery and later transplanted into planting bags containing 5 Kg sandy loam soil. Morphological data were taken on plant height (cm), leaf length (cm), leaf breadth (cm), leaf area, date of flowering, stem diameter (mm) and leaf shape from 12-to 20ª weeks after planting. The growth parameter Data were analyzed by ANOVA using Statistical analyses software (SAS) 2008 version. A related species of scent leaf plants was successfully used to prepare a standard for chromosome counting of the 23 accessions. This standard was eventually used to determine the ploidy levels of the different accessions form the six states and Ploidy analysis was carried out using Flow cytometer. Analysis showed high degree of variation among studied accessions indicating rich diversity represented within the populations from different phyto-geographical regions and relatedness among the species. The leaf margin for all the samples were serrated. Dates of flowering were within the range of 12 to 18 weeks.Item Metadata only Comparative Study of Morphological and Molecular Profile of Drought Tolerant Maize and Varieties in Some Parts of South-West Nigeria.(Bells University of Technology, 2019-09-16) WILLIAMS, Uduak Akpan; Dr, AnyakrohMaize, a cereal grain with production of 5. 5 million tons per year has become a staple and most important weaning food for infants in many parts of the word especially Africa. Drought is one of the most environmental stresses that causes yield reduction in maize. The study was to compare the morphological and molecular performance of local maize varieties with drought tolerant maize varieties. Twenty one seeds (6landraces and 15 drought tolerant) of the genotypes obtained from the local market in ota and Agbara in ogun state, ikeja in Lagos and IITA, Ibadan respectively were grown in 3kg soil put in polyethylene bags; morphological data were taken one week after planting till twelve weeks. DND extracted from two week old leaves was subjected to PCR with 9 ISSR markers in order to estimate genetic diversity. Morphological date taken were plant height, leaf number, husk leaf length, ear length, ear diameter, tassel length, data of ear and tassel, number of cobs and seed number per plant. The data were analyzed statistically using ANOVA. Each polymorphic band was scored as (1) if present and(0) for absence. Polymorphic information content (PIC) was done using power market software and a dendrogram was constructed by UPGMA analysis . plant height ranged from 35cm to 63cm while the other parameters were significantly not too different in the maize varieties. The concentration of the extracted DNA ranged from 205.6ng to 907.6ng and the purity from 1.6 to 2.03 as detected by Nano-drop spectrophotometer.PCR amplified of genomic DNA generated a total of 289 amplification bands. The number of amplified bands ranged from 18 (p-umc 2225) to 59 (p-umc2189). The highest number of amplification was produced by p-umc 2189.The polymorphism information content ranged from 0.1575 to 0.7014 with p-umc 1542 having 70% polymorphism. Phylogenetic relations determined using unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean average (UPGMA) grouped the 21 genotypes of maize into 3 major cluster. Group 1&2 comprised of drought tolerant while 3 has both landraces and drought tolerant .Item Metadata only Antioxidant Activities of Exopolyscharides Produced by Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Commercial Yoghurt Samples(Bells University of Technology, 2019-09-16) EZEANI, Abiola olufadeke; Dr.(Mrs) A.O. AdelekanAntioxidant is a substance that inhabit the oxidation of other molecules caused by free radical. The inbuilt antioxidant system possessed by living organism are generally not enough to prevent them from oxidative here and for damages and the use of synthetic antioxidants also have some harmful effect. This provide the need to search for more antioxidants from natural sources.Therefore,this study was aimed at evaluating the antioxidant activities of exopolysaccharides produced by lactic acid bacteria isolated from yoghut.Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from six different brands of commercially available yoghurt using deMan Rogosa shape (MRS) agar.The LAB isolated were identified based on morphological, biochemical as well as molecular characterizations and were screened for exopolysaccharides (EPS) production. The LAB isolates screened positives were used for EPS production in a liquid medium and the EPS produced were purified and quantified using standard cmethods.Antioxidant activities of the EPS were evaluated by determining the DPPH fess radical scavenging activity, ferric ion reducing power and total phenolic contents. Data obtained were analyzed using Analysis of Variance.Total latic acid bacterial count obtained from the yoghut sample ranged from 0 - 3.9 10 CFU/mL with sample A (Fan Yoghurt) having the highest LAB count (25.49%), L delbrueckii (19.61%), L fermentum (15.69%), L, acidophilus (13.73%), Leuconostoc mesenteroides (11.76%0 Lactococous lactis (7.84%) and Lactobacilus caseil (5.88%).Fifty - one of thr 64 LAB isolated were screen positive for EPS production and only six were able produced susbtantial were quantity of EPS ranging from 127.7 - 208. mg/L..Based on molecular charactrerzation, the four highesr EPS - producing LAB isolated were identified as Lactobcillus plantarum (208.5 mg/L).Item Metadata only Antibacterial Effect Of Neem Leaf Extract on Multidrug Resistant Isolates From Pregnant Women's Urine at General Hospital;Ota; Ogun State(Bells University of Technology, 2019-09-21) ADEKEYE, Bosede Temitope; Dr. T. O. Oladosu,Infection disease is one of the major causes of sickness and death globally and are caused by different microorganisms. Unitary tract infections are mainly caused by the presence and growth of microorganism in the unitary tract. This study was carried out to determine the antibacterial activity of Azadirachta indica [Neem]leaf extract against multi drug resistance pathogens from urine sample of pregnant woman attending General Hospital ,Ota, Ogun State. Urine samples were collected from two hundred [200] pregnant woman. These samples were subjected to bacteriological analysis, biochemical characterization and antibiotic sensibility testing. Phytochemical screening of the extracts was conducted qualitatively . The antibacterial potential or methanolic and Acueous neem leaf extract was investigated against seven Multi drug resistance pathogens using the Algar well diffusion method, upon extraction with water and methanol. Out of 200 urine samples collected ,59.5% samples contained bacterial isolates . The bacterial isolated occurred as Klebsiella Pneumoniae Rettger (25.6%), Citrobacter freundii (13.2%), Staphylococcus sp (10.6%) , Enterobacter coli (9.8%), Proteus sp (8.0%) ,Micrococcus sp (6.2%) , Klebsiella oxytocic (5.6%), Escherichia coli (9.8%) , Serratia sp (3.5%), Pseudomonas aeroginosa (2.7%),Bacillus sp (2.7%) Providencia rettegeri (1.8%) and Morganella morganii(0.9%). The bacterial isolate with the highest frequency of occurence was Klebsiella pnuemoniae( 25.6) , while Morganella morganii had the lowest frequency of occurence was observed in age group between 25 and 34years, multigrravida and during second trimester of pregnancy. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Gram negative bacteria showed most of the isolates were sentitive to Sparfloxacin (100%), Augmentin (50%),Pefloxacin (100%), Ciprofloxacin (100%) and Gentamicin (60%) and the Gram positive showed highly different sentitivty pattern to Cotrimoxazole (100%), Ciprofloxacin (100%), Amoxicillin (100%), Pefloxacin (100%) and Streptomycin (100%).Item Metadata only In Vitro Assessment of Antimicriobial Effects of Negro Pepper(Xylopia aethiopica) Against Spoilage Microflora of Cold-Smoked Atlantic COD (Gadus Morhua)(Bells University of Technology, 2019-09-30) OMOGOHI, Martina ojonugwa; Dr. Christiana T. KesterFood preservation is generally done by traditional ways in most impoverished nations. Plant elements historically employed as food spices, condiments, and/or medication would be better for human health than manufactured chemical food preservatives. The purpose of this investigation was to see how effective the spice extract was against cold-smoked salmon rotting germs. The spice investigated was Negro pepper (Xylopia ethiopica). Three distinct portions were extracted: seed, chaff, and the whole part (seed plus chaff). Standard procedures were used to determine the presence or absence of secondary metabolites. The spoilage organisms were isolated using the pour plate method and conventional techniques on Nutrient agar for bacterial isolates and Potato Dextrose agar for fungus. All isolates were analysed using conventional biochemical and microscopy methods. Bacillus species, Staphylococcus species, and Streptococcus species are among the bacterial isolates, whereas Candida species, Aspergillus species, and Penicillium species are among the fungal isolates. The agar well diffusion technique was used to test antibacterial activity. For this reason, Mueller Hinton agar was used. The collected data was analysed using 2-way ANOVA at = 0.05. The three plant components were not substantially different for the bacterial isolates, according to the findings. At 25 mg/ml, the seed + chaff extract produced the largest zones of inhibition; 290.30 mm and 290.37 mm against Staphylococcus sp. and Bacillus sp., respectively, whereas the chaff extract alone produced the lowest zone reading of 141.17 mm against Staphylococcus sp. In contrast, there was a considerable disparity between the various plant sections and the fungal isolates. While Penicillium sp. was completely resistant to both the seed + chaff and seed alone extracts at all doses, Aspergillus sp. was likewise completely resistant to the seed + chaff extract. At 25 mg/ml, chaff extract had the greatest zone of 180.90 mm against Aspergillus sp.Item Metadata only Antibotics Resistance Genes And Susceptibility of Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus saprophytlcus Strains(Bells University of Technology, 2020-12-10) AMODU, Zainab Ejile; Prof .O. O. KuforijiStaphylococcus saprophyticus is a coagulase-negative ( CoNS) coccus associated primarily with community-acquired lower Urinary Tract Infection (UTI). This study investigated presence of Antibiotic resistant Genes (AGS) and susceptibility pattern of S. saprophyticus from women with UTI . Fifty (50) S.saprophyticus strains obtained from four hospitals were identified morphologically and biochemically. Antibiotics resistance pattern was determined via Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method against 14 antibiotics : Ceftazidime (CAZ) , Cefuroxime (CRX) , Gentamicin (GEN), Cefriazone( CTR) , Erythromycin ( ERY) , Cloxacillin ( CXC) , Ofloxacin (OFL),Augmentin (AUG),Cefdinir (RNF), Ciprofloxacin (CPT), Oxacillin (OX), Mipenem (MIP), Levofloxacin (LVS) and pefloxacin (PEF).Presence of ARGs ermA,aac(6')-aph(2''), meca, blaZ and femB was confirmed on gel electrophoresis by standard methods. Multiple Antibiotic Resistance index (MAR) was also determined, while plasmid- mediated antibiotic resistance was investigated. S. saprophyticus strains were resistant to ERY,OX and CXC, while MIP,PEF and LVS susceptibility was observed. No isolate had 100% sensitivity to the antibiotics, 1. 3(26) were sensitive to 50% antibiotics , five ( G95, G98, G112, S09, S26) were resistant to>90% of antibiotics, while one strain (S09) exhibited total resistance . all strains had > 20% MARI while two-thirds had 0.5 MARI . Seventy percent of S .saprophyticus expressed both mecA and femB , three (3) strains expressed all at least AGRs (S04, S26, L90) , or did not express any ( M60, M123, M48) , while 64% expressed at least two AGRs. Resistance genes meeA and femB were the most expressed genes ( Hospital G, S and L ) , while <50% of strains expressed Blaz. Fourteen (14) strains had plasmid -mediated resistance , while 50% plasmid resistance was observed in hospital L . This study , therefore, showed that increased antibiotics - resistance and presence of ARGs in S. saprophyticus means the pathogen should be given better attention by clinic in cases of bacteremia, bacteriuria, septicemia and UTI cases.Item Metadata only Genetic Fingerprinting of Methicillin Resistant Staphlococcus anreus Strains in Patients With Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)(2021) OSIKANMI, Taiwo Abosede; Dr. A. T. SerikiResistant to methicillin in Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for human, community and live-stock infections in the world and has become a worldwide challenge of great concern. The aim of this study was to analyze the molecular diversity among methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains obtained from patients with urinary tract infection from hospitals in Lagos State. Out of eighty isolates of Staphylococcus aureus used in this study, 28 (35%) were confirmed methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) while 52(65%) were methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) with disk diffusion method of Kirby-Bauer. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR was applied on 22 isolates with high level of methicillin resistance using three oligonucleotides random primers (OPT -02). OPT-08 and OPT-17 except an isolate showing no banding patterns. However, polymorphisms were observed in all isolates using Primers OPT-08 and OPT-17 excepts an isolate showing no amplification with primer OPT-17. The two primers that yielded discriminatory patterns were used to perform the RAPD analysis. Products of the PCR generated many polymorphic bands between the range of >100 to 1200 base pairs in size. Highest number of bands was produced by primer OPT -08 with different distinct polymorphism.Item Metadata only Molecule Detection of mecA and spa genes in Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteriuria(Bells University of Technology, 2021-05) AKINTAN, Adekunle Azeez; Dr. (Mrs) Seriki, A. T.Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is a global public health concern that causes hospital and community-acquired infections all over the world. The emergence of MRSA is responsible for increasing health costs, patient morbidity and mortality. Asa result, a global priority list of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria designated it as Priority 2: HIGH. The aim of this study was to detect mecA and spA genes in methicillin -resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteriuria obtained from patients with urinary tract infections. Eighty isolates were obtained from department of microbiology, Bells University of Technology, Ota, Ogun state. Out of which 74 were resuscitated. Antibiotic susceptibility test was carried out the 74 isolates for identification of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus using cefoxitin (30 ug, Oxoid Ltd, Cambridge, UK) by Kirby Bauter disk diffusion method. Polymerase chain reaction was performed on twenty-two isolates showing high level phenotypic methicillin resistance for the presence of mecA and SpA genes. The result of the phenotypic methicillin resistance showed that 40 isolates out (40/74) were confirmed to be MRSA . However, only 8 isolates (36.4) out of 22 isolates were positive to meCA gene.The PCr result foe spa gene revealed only three (13.7%) positive isolates out of 22 (3/22). There was no statistically significant association between mecA and spA genes (p>0.05) in MRSA bacteriuria in UTI patients. This study showed high prevalence of MRSA using disk diffusion method but low prevalence of mecA gene among urinary tract infection patients in Lagos, NIgeriaItem Metadata only Inheritance Pattern of Bean Common Mosaic Virus (BCMV) Resistance Gene Using Marker Assisted Selection and of Seed Coat Colour in Cowpea(Bells University of Technology, 2023-05) OSAKWE, Obiora Joseph; Dr K. E. OgunsolaCowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) is one of the most important grain legume crops in sub-Saharan Africa. Blackeye cowpea mosaic strain of the bean common mosaic virus (BCMV-BICM) causes mosaic infections that reduce the yield of cowpea. Planting resistant varieties is the most effective control method but complex nature of disease resistance makes identification of resistant and susceptible plants cumbersome through conventional screening techniques. The use of Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) is more effective for crop genetic improvement. Seed coat colour is also an important trait in cowpea preference by consumers. Knowledge of the mode of inheritance of viral resistance and seed colour is crucial in developing improved cowpea varieties. Inheritance of seed coat colour and resistance to BMV-BICM using MAS, was investigated using two improved cowpea breeding lines. Cowpea resistant (IT98K-1092-1) and susceptible (Ife brown) varieties obtained from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (ITA), Ibadan and molecular markers (M15, M80, M135 and Y96) obtained from Inqaba biotech, Ibadan were used. Crosses were made between the BCMV resistant (back seed) and susceptible (brown seed colour) varieties. The F1 seeds were advanced to F2. Genomic DNA of parent lines and F1 were extracted. MAS was used to determine the pattern of inheritance of virus resistance and Chi square test of the colour segregation of F2 generations was used in investigating the inheritance of seed colour. Data on morphological traits were also taken. There were no significant differences (p=0.01) between the two parental lines and between F1 and F2 generations in the number of seeds/pod, pod length (cm), seed weight, seed/plant, pod no/plant, seed number/plant, and germination percentage. However, these parameters were significantly higher in the parental lines than F1 and F2 generations except for germination%. Similarity in growth and yield parameters in both direct and reciprocal crosses indicated compatibility and absence of maternal or cytoplasmic effect in the cowpea varieties. Inheritance of seed coat colour showed all F1 plants to be brown which indicated dominance of brown colour and 45 brown and 10 black seeds in the F2 generation. This segregation fitted significantly to the expected Mendelian ratio of 3:1 brown to black colour, indicating a single gene or monogenic inheritance of seed coat colour. The observed variation in seed colour from brown to dark brown to black also suggest the possibility of a polygenic inheritance of seed coat colour. Only M80 marker amplified the BCMV resistance gene which was amplified in the resistant variety. MAS showed that all F1 plants had no amplification of the resistant gene which implies that the mode of inheritance of the BCMV-BICM resistance is recessive in the cowpea variety. The monogenic dominance of the brown seed coat colour and the recessively inherited BCMV-BICM resistance in cowpea provide important information for breeding virus resistant and more preferred brown seed coloration in cowpea.