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Item Metadata only Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus Aureus From Women With Urinary Tract Infections in Lagos State(Bells University of Technology, 2019-03-08) CHIDI, Ugochi Nnenna; Prof. O. O. KuforijiStaphylococcus aureus has been implicated ins urinary tract infection (UTI) in humans. Virulence and drug resistance play important roles in the pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus infections. The objectives are to establish the antibiotic susceptibility and resistance patterns of clinical isolates of S. aureus, and to demonstrate the presence of antibiotic resistance genes among the isolates. Isolates were examined for susceptibility to 15 antibiotic disks using the disk diffusion method and for possession of resistance genes by polymerase chain reaction. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 16.0. The relationship between antibiotic resistance genes and antibiotic susceptibility was determined using Pearson's Chi-square test. All 50 isolates were resistant to at least three antibiotics. Fifteen isolates (30%) exhibited the highest multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index value of 0.7. The most effective antibiotics were mipenem, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and gentamicin and the least effective were cloxacillin, oxacillin, and augmentin. The most prevalent resistance gene of the 50 isolates was mecA (80.5%), followed by femB (50%), blaZ (11.1%), ermA (16.7%), and aac(6')-aph(2') (5.6%). The correlation between genotype (absence or presence of a major resistance gene) and phenotype (susceptibility or reduced susceptibility) was high for penicillin and the presence of mecA (98%), and femB (97%). In contrast with the other resistances, the agreement between genotypes and phenotypes for erythromycin and the presence of ermA was poor (66%), gentamicin and the presence of aac(6')-aph(2"') (41%). The results indicate that there is a need for surveillance programmess to monitor drug resistance in pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus.Item Metadata only Molecular Detection and Identification of Polyhydroxyyalkanoate Synthesizing-Bacteria Isolated from Waste Dump Site Soil(Bells University of Technology, 2018-08-08) OLALEKAN, Farouk Olawale; Prof. O.O. KuforijiPolyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are macromolecular storage polyesters produced by metabolic trans-formation of carbon sources by microorganisms under nutrient limiting conditions. PHA synthesizing-bacteria were isolated from waste dump site soil samples, characterized molecularly and identified using standard microbiological, molecular and biochemical methods. Corn steep liquor (COSL) and minimal salt medium supplemented with glucose, glycerol, maltose and sucrose were used as growth media and the PHAS accumulated by the bacteria were quantified spectrophotometrically. Of the 40 bacteria isolated, 37 were positive for PHA accumulation when subjected to visual screening using Sudan Black B. Nevertheless, 22 bacterial isolates were selected based on their level of sudanophilic positivity for PHA synthase gene analysis. PHA synthase gene (phbC) of the expected base pair size (239 bp) was amplified from the DNA of all the 22 bacterial isolates selected. Quantification of PHA synthesized by the 22 bacterial isolates revealed that the best five PHA synthesizing-bacterial isolates were SB9, SC7, SB1, SD7 and SA4 with PHA yields of 8.26, 7.69, 7.48, 7.43 and 7.41 mg/ml respectively, while the least five PHA accumulating bacterial isolates were SC8, SC4, SD2, SC2 and SB7 which recorded PHA yields of 6.46, 6.35, 6.34, 6.33 and 6.22 mg/ml respectively. Sequence analysis of the amplified 16S RNA genes of the best five PHA synthesizing-bacterial isolates (SB9, SC7, SB1, SD7 and SA4) divulged their identities as Bacillus acidiceler FOGU02, Bacillus megaterium FOGU01, Lysinibacillus macroides FOGU04, Bacillus wiedmannii FOGUOS and Bacillus marisflavi FOGU03 respectively. The yields of PHA by the bacteria tested were generally higher in COSL supplemented with the various carbon sources compared to the PHA yields recorded in minimal salt medium supplemented with the same carbon sources. The molecular methods enhanced the specificity of the results obtained. The COSL used as growth medium for PHA synthesizing-bacteria is expected to reduce the cost of PHA production as the waste is locally available at no extra cost. PHA yield depends to a large extent on the microorganism involved as well as the carbon source used. However, Bacillus acidiceler FOGU02 was the best PHA producer among the bacteria tested, while maltose was the best carbon source examined.Item Metadata only Antibacterial Effect Of Neem Leaf Extract on Multidrug Resistant Isolates From Pregnant Women's Urine at General Hospital;Ota; Ogun State(Bells University of Technology, 2019-09-21) ADEKEYE, Bosede Temitope; Dr. T. O. Oladosu,Infection disease is one of the major causes of sickness and death globally and are caused by different microorganisms. Unitary tract infections are mainly caused by the presence and growth of microorganism in the unitary tract. This study was carried out to determine the antibacterial activity of Azadirachta indica [Neem]leaf extract against multi drug resistance pathogens from urine sample of pregnant woman attending General Hospital ,Ota, Ogun State. Urine samples were collected from two hundred [200] pregnant woman. These samples were subjected to bacteriological analysis, biochemical characterization and antibiotic sensibility testing. Phytochemical screening of the extracts was conducted qualitatively . The antibacterial potential or methanolic and Acueous neem leaf extract was investigated against seven Multi drug resistance pathogens using the Algar well diffusion method, upon extraction with water and methanol. Out of 200 urine samples collected ,59.5% samples contained bacterial isolates . The bacterial isolated occurred as Klebsiella Pneumoniae Rettger (25.6%), Citrobacter freundii (13.2%), Staphylococcus sp (10.6%) , Enterobacter coli (9.8%), Proteus sp (8.0%) ,Micrococcus sp (6.2%) , Klebsiella oxytocic (5.6%), Escherichia coli (9.8%) , Serratia sp (3.5%), Pseudomonas aeroginosa (2.7%),Bacillus sp (2.7%) Providencia rettegeri (1.8%) and Morganella morganii(0.9%). The bacterial isolate with the highest frequency of occurence was Klebsiella pnuemoniae( 25.6) , while Morganella morganii had the lowest frequency of occurence was observed in age group between 25 and 34years, multigrravida and during second trimester of pregnancy. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Gram negative bacteria showed most of the isolates were sentitive to Sparfloxacin (100%), Augmentin (50%),Pefloxacin (100%), Ciprofloxacin (100%) and Gentamicin (60%) and the Gram positive showed highly different sentitivty pattern to Cotrimoxazole (100%), Ciprofloxacin (100%), Amoxicillin (100%), Pefloxacin (100%) and Streptomycin (100%).Item Metadata only Antimicrobial Activities of Three Spices and Ciprofloxacin on Human Pathogenic Organisms(Bells University of Technology, 2015-04-17) AJOSE, Daniel Jesuwenu; Bola A. Adeniyi, Ph.dSpices are natural compounds, or a mixture of natural compounds that are extracted from various parts of plants, and added to food and pepper soup in order to provide colour, taste, smell, or flavour. Most people with upper respiratory tract infection use pepper soup along with prescribed antibiotics for treatment. This study was designed to investigate the effect of combining the bioactive spices with standard antibiotics (ciprofloxacin) to determine additive, synergistic or antagonistic effects. The spices studied were Capsicum annuum (cayenne), Curcuma longa (turmeric) and Piper guineense (black pepper). They were analyzed for the presence or absence of secondary metabolites using standard methods. Also, three brands of ciprofloxacin were tested for their activity against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus species, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter agglomerans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumanii, and Candida albicans collected from Nigerian Institute of Medical Research and University of Ibadan. Antimicrobial activity was carried out using agar diffusion method while agar dilution method was employed for determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) on Mueller-Hinton agar. The findings of this study showed that the three spices contained alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, and terpenoids. Piper guineense extract was most active against all tested isolates with MIC of 50% /v against Staphylococcus species and Escherichia coli to 100% "/v against Klebsiella pneumoniae. Ciprogem was the most effective brand of the tested ciprofloxacin with MIC ranging from < 0.015 mg/mL against Acinetobacter baumanii and 125 mg/mL against Klebsiella pneumoniae. Furthermore, there was a synergistic effect between the extract of black pepper at 25 % (Y/v) and 12.5 % (Y/v) and ciprogem with MIC of ciprogem decreasing from 15.63 mg/mL to 3.90 mg/mL and 1.95 mg/mL respectively against the pathogen Escherichia coli.Item Metadata only Antibiotic Resistance Genes and Susceptibility Pattern of Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus Saprophyticus Strains(Bells University of Technology, 2019-03-30) AMODU, Zainab Ejile; Prof. O. O. KuforijiStaphylococcus saprophyticus is a coagulase-negative (CoNS) coccus associated primarily with community-acquired lower urinary tract infection (UTI). This study investigated presence of antibiotic resistant genes (ARG) and susceptibility pattern of S. saprophyticus from women with UTI. Fifty (50) S. Saprophyticus strains obtained from four hospitals were identified morphologically and biochemically. Antibiotic resistance pattern was determined via Kirby-Bauer dise diffusion method against 14 antibiotics: Ceftazidime (CAZ), Cefuroxime (CRX), Gentamicin (GEN), Ceftriazone (CTR), Erythromycin (ERY), Cloxacillin (CXC), Ofloxacin (OFL), Augmentin (AUG), Cefdinir (RNF), Ciprofloxacin (CPT), Oxacillin (OX), Mipenem (MIP), Levofloxacin (LVS) and Pefloxacin (PEF). Presence of ARGs ermA, aac(6')-aph(2"'), mecA, blaZ and femB was confirmed on gel electrophoresis by standard methods. Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Index (MARI) was also determined, while plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance was investigated. S. saprophyticus strains were resistant to ERY, AUG, OX and CXC, while MIP, PEF and LVS susceptibility was observed. No isolate had 100% sensitivity to the antibiotics, 13 (26%) were sensitive to ≥50% antibiotics, five (G95, G98, G112, S09, S26) were resistant to >90% of antibiotics, while one strain (S09) exhibited total resistance. All strains had >20% MARI while two-thirds had ≥0.5 MARI. Seventy percent of S. saprophyticus expressed both mecA and femB, three (3) strains expressed all ARGs (S04, S26, L90), or did not express any (M60, M123, M48), while 64% expressed at least two ARGs. Resistance genes mecA and femB were the most expressed genes (Hospitals G, S and L), while <50% of strains expressed BlaZ. Fourteen (14) strains had plasmid-mediated resistance, while 50% plasmid-mediated resistance was observed in hospital L. This study, therefore, showed that increased antibiotic-resistance and presence of ARGs in S. saprophyticus means the pathogen should be given better attention by clinics in cases of bacteremia, bacteriuria, septicemia and UTI cases.Item Metadata only In Vitro Assessment of Antimicriobial Effects of Negro Pepper(Xylopia aethiopica) Against Spoilage Microflora of Cold-Smoked Atlantic COD (Gadus Morhua)(Bells University of Technology, 2019-09-30) OMOGOHI, Martina ojonugwa; Dr. Christiana T. KesterFood preservation is generally done by traditional ways in most impoverished nations. Plant elements historically employed as food spices, condiments, and/or medication would be better for human health than manufactured chemical food preservatives. The purpose of this investigation was to see how effective the spice extract was against cold-smoked salmon rotting germs. The spice investigated was Negro pepper (Xylopia ethiopica). Three distinct portions were extracted: seed, chaff, and the whole part (seed plus chaff). Standard procedures were used to determine the presence or absence of secondary metabolites. The spoilage organisms were isolated using the pour plate method and conventional techniques on Nutrient agar for bacterial isolates and Potato Dextrose agar for fungus. All isolates were analysed using conventional biochemical and microscopy methods. Bacillus species, Staphylococcus species, and Streptococcus species are among the bacterial isolates, whereas Candida species, Aspergillus species, and Penicillium species are among the fungal isolates. The agar well diffusion technique was used to test antibacterial activity. For this reason, Mueller Hinton agar was used. The collected data was analysed using 2-way ANOVA at = 0.05. The three plant components were not substantially different for the bacterial isolates, according to the findings. At 25 mg/ml, the seed + chaff extract produced the largest zones of inhibition; 290.30 mm and 290.37 mm against Staphylococcus sp. and Bacillus sp., respectively, whereas the chaff extract alone produced the lowest zone reading of 141.17 mm against Staphylococcus sp. In contrast, there was a considerable disparity between the various plant sections and the fungal isolates. While Penicillium sp. was completely resistant to both the seed + chaff and seed alone extracts at all doses, Aspergillus sp. was likewise completely resistant to the seed + chaff extract. At 25 mg/ml, chaff extract had the greatest zone of 180.90 mm against Aspergillus sp.Item Metadata only Antioxidant Activities of Exopolyscharides Produced by Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Commercial Yoghurt Samples(Bells University of Technology, 2019-09-16) EZEANI, Abiola olufadeke; Dr.(Mrs) A.O. AdelekanAntioxidant is a substance that inhabit the oxidation of other molecules caused by free radical. The inbuilt antioxidant system possessed by living organism are generally not enough to prevent them from oxidative here and for damages and the use of synthetic antioxidants also have some harmful effect. This provide the need to search for more antioxidants from natural sources.Therefore,this study was aimed at evaluating the antioxidant activities of exopolysaccharides produced by lactic acid bacteria isolated from yoghut.Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from six different brands of commercially available yoghurt using deMan Rogosa shape (MRS) agar.The LAB isolated were identified based on morphological, biochemical as well as molecular characterizations and were screened for exopolysaccharides (EPS) production. The LAB isolates screened positives were used for EPS production in a liquid medium and the EPS produced were purified and quantified using standard cmethods.Antioxidant activities of the EPS were evaluated by determining the DPPH fess radical scavenging activity, ferric ion reducing power and total phenolic contents. Data obtained were analyzed using Analysis of Variance.Total latic acid bacterial count obtained from the yoghut sample ranged from 0 - 3.9 10 CFU/mL with sample A (Fan Yoghurt) having the highest LAB count (25.49%), L delbrueckii (19.61%), L fermentum (15.69%), L, acidophilus (13.73%), Leuconostoc mesenteroides (11.76%0 Lactococous lactis (7.84%) and Lactobacilus caseil (5.88%).Fifty - one of thr 64 LAB isolated were screen positive for EPS production and only six were able produced susbtantial were quantity of EPS ranging from 127.7 - 208. mg/L..Based on molecular charactrerzation, the four highesr EPS - producing LAB isolated were identified as Lactobcillus plantarum (208.5 mg/L).